Efektifitas Berbagai Bioinsektisida Terhadap Pengendalian Hama Spodoptera frugiperda Pada Tanaman Jagung (Zea mays L.) Skala Laboratorium

Abstract

Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Fakultas FMIPA Universitas Sumatera Utara (USU) yang berlokasi di Jalan Dr. T. Mansur No.9, Padang Bulan, Kota Medan, Sumatera Utara pada bulan Februari – Agustus 2023. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui efektifitas pemberian ekstrak daun cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum L.) daun kemangi (Ocimum basilicum L.) dan jamur entomopatogen Beauveria bassiana dan Metarhizium anisopliae yang digunakan sebagai bioinsektisida untuk pengendalian hama Spodoptera frugiperda pada tanaman jagung (Zea mays L.). Pada penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) Faktorial yang terdiri dari 2 faktor perlakuan. Perlakuan faktor 1 instar Spodoptera frugiperda yang digunakan terdiri dari taraf perlakuan antara lain: I1 = Spodoptera frugiperda instar 3, I2 = Spodoptera frugiperda instar 5 dan perlakuan faktor 2 konsentrasi aplikasi bioinsektisida yaitu B0 = Kontrol (tanpa perlakuan), B1 = Ekstrak Cengkeh Konsentrasi 30%, B2 = Ekstrak Cengkeh Konsentrasi 50%, B3 = Ekstrak Cengkeh Konsentrasi 70%, B4 = Ekstrak Kemangi Konsentrasi 30%, B5 = Ekstrak Kemangi Konsentrasi 50%, B6 = Ekstrak Kemangi Konsentrasi 70%, B7 = Beauveria bassiana Konsentrasi 30 g/l, B8 = Beauveria bassiana Konsentrasi 50 g/l, B9 = Beauveria bassiana Konsentrasi 70 g/l, B10 = Metarhizium anisopliae Konsentrasi 30 g/l, B11 = Metarhizium anisopliae Konsentrasi 50 g/l, B12 = Metarhizium anisopliae Konsentrasi 70 g/l. Persentase imago yang terbetuk pada larva instar 5 lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan instar 3, serta jenis bioinsektisida yang memberikan persentase imago terbentuk yang terendah terjadi pada Beauveria bassiana. Persentase imago terbetuk yang diaplikasi Beauveria bassiana adalah 0,00% dan Metarhizium anisopliae sebesar 20% pada konsentrasi 30 g/l (instar 3) serta 10% pada konsentrasi 30 g/l dan 70 g/l Metarhizium anisopliae. Persentase imago terbentuk yang tertinggi terjadi pada aplikasi ekstrak kemangi pada larva instar 5. Imago yang terbentuk sebesar 70-80%. Larva Spodoptera frugiperda yang terinfeksi Beauveria bassiana tubuhnya diselubungi oleh miselium berwarna putih seperti kapas, larva yang terinfeksi Metarhizium anisopliae tubuhnya diselubungi miselium berwarna kehijauan serta sedikit kasar, sedangkan larva yang keracunan ekstrak kemangi dan cengkeh memiliki gejala kematian tubuh menjadi kehitaman, busuk lunak dan sedikit berair. Larva Spodoptera frugiperda yang terinfeksi oleh Beauveria bassiana dan Metarhizium anisopliae akan kehilangan nafsu makan sehingga menimbulkan kematian pada larva. The research was carried out at the Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of North Sumatra (USU), located on Jalan Dr. T. Mansur No.9, Padang Bulan, Medan City, North Sumatra in February – August 2023. The aim of the research was to determine the effectiveness of administering clove leaf extract (Syzygium aromaticum L.), basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum L.) and the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae which are used as bioinsecticides to control Spodoptera frugiperda pests on corn plants (Zea mays L.). The research used a completely randomized factorial design (CRD) consisting of 2 treatment factors. The 1st instar Spodoptera frugiperda factor treatment used consisted of treatment levels including: I1 = 3rd instar Spodoptera frugiperda, I2 = 5th instar Spodoptera frugiperda and 2nd factor treatment concentration of bioinsecticide application, namely B0 = Control (without treatment), B1 = Clove Extract Concentration 30%, B2 = Clove Extract Concentration 50%, B3 = Clove Extract Concentration 70%, B4 = Basil Extract Concentration 30%, B5 = Basil Extract Concentration 50%, B6 = Basil Extract Concentration 70%, B7 = Beauveria bassiana Concentration 30 g/l , B8 = Beauveria bassiana Concentration 50 g/l, B9 = Beauveria bassiana Concentration 70 g/l, B10 = Metarhizium anisopliae Concentration 30 g/l, B11 = Metarhizium anisopliae Concentration 50 g/l, B12 = Metarhizium anisopliae Concentration 70 g/l . The percentage of imago formed in 5th instar larvae was higher than in 3rd instar larvae, and the type of bioinsecticide that gave the lowest percentage of formed imago occurred in Beauveria bassiana. The percentage of formed imago applied by Beauveria bassiana was 0.00% and Metarhizium anisopliae was 20% at a concentration of 30 g/l (3rd instar) and 10% at a concentration of 30 g/l and 70 g/l Metarhizium anisopliae. The highest percentage of imago formed occurred when basil extract was applied to 5th instar larvae. The imago formed was 70-80%. Spodoptera frugiperda larvae infected with Beauveria bassiana have their bodies covered in white, cotton-like mycelium, larvae infected with Metarhizium anisopliae have their bodies covered in greenish mycelium and are slightly rough, while larvae poisoned with basil and clove extracts have symptoms of death, their bodies become black, soft rot and slightly watery. Spodoptera frugiperda larvae infected with Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae will lose their appetite, causing death of the larvae.