Wanprestasi terhadap Akta Perjanjian Pengikatan Jual Beli Tanah dan Bangunan (Studi Putusan Nomor 522/Pdt.G/2021/Pn-Mdn)

Abstract

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis wanprestasi dalam Perjanjian Pengikatan Jual Beli tanah dan bangunan yang dibuat di bawah tangan, mengkaji peran sertifikat hak milik sebagai penguat perikatan, serta mengevaluasi efektivitas putusan pengadilan dalam memberikan kepastian hukum berdasarkan Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Medan Nomor 522Pdt.G/2021/PN.Mdn. Masalah difokuskan pada kelalaian pembeli yang berhenti membayar angsuran setelah menerima somasi tertulis, keabsahan perjanjian di bawah tangan yang memenuhi empat syarat sah perjanjian, serta implikasi hukum pembatalan perjanjian dengan pengembalian 50 persen dari uang muka yang telah dibayar sesuai klausul perjanjian. Guna mendekati masalah ini dipergunakan acuan teori dari Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata tentang syarat sah perjanjian, wanprestasi, dan akibat hukumnya termasuk kewajiban ganti rugi serta pembatalan perjanjian timbal balik. Data-data dikumpulkan melalui studi kepustakaan terhadap peraturan perundang-undangan dan doktrin hukum perdata, analisis mendalam putusan pengadilan, wawancara dengan hakim Pengadilan Negeri Medan, serta pemeriksaan dokumen perkara lengkap, dan dianalisis secara kualitatif normatif. Kajian ini menyimpulkan bahwa perjanjian di bawah tangan memilikikekuatan hukum mengikat apabila memenuhi syarat kesepakatan, kecakapan, objek tertentu, dan sebab yang halal sebagaimana Pasal 1320 Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata, sertifikat hak milik berfungsi sebagai bukti kuat legitimasi perikatan meskipun dibuat di bawah tangan, serta putusan verstek pengadilan efektif melindungi pihak penjual melalui pembatalan perjanjian dan penetapan pengembalian uang secara proporsional sesuai kesepakatan awal para pihak. This research aims to analyze default of performance in the Binding Sale and Purchase Agreement of land and building made under private deed, examine the role of ownership certificates as reinforcement of legal binding, and evaluate the effectiveness of court decisions in providing legal certainty based on the Decision of the Medan District Court Number 522/Pdt.G/2021/PN.Mdn. The problem is focused on the negligence of the buyer who stopped paying installments after receiving a written warning, the validity of the private agreement that fulfills the four legal requirements of a valid agreement, as well as the legal implications of contract cancellation with the return of 50 percent of the down payment that has been paid in accordance with the agreement clause. In order to approach this problem, theoretical references from the Civil Code regarding the legal requirements of agreements, default of performance, and its legal consequences including compensation obligations and cancellation of reciprocal agreements were used. The data were collected through literature study of statutory regulations and civil law doctrines, in-depth analysis of court decisions, interviews with judges of the Medan District Court, as well as examination of complete case documents, and were analyzed normatively and qualitatively. This study concludes that private agreements have binding legal force if they fulfill the requirements of agreement, legal capacity, a certain object, and a lawful cause as regulated in Article 1320 of the Civil Code, ownership certificates function as strong evidence of the legitimacy of legal binding even though they are made under private deed, and default court decisions effectively protect the seller through contract cancellation and determination of proportional refund of funds in accordance with the initial agreement of the parties.