Tanggung Jawab Distributor Terhadap Konsumen Dalam Penjualan Produk Makeup Dan Skincare Berbahaya Melalui E-Commerce (Studi Balai Besar Pengawas Obat Dan Makanan Medan)

Abstract

Eskalasi pertumbuhan industri kosmetik di Indonesia yang beriringan dengan masifnya peredaran produk makeup dan skincare ilegal mengandung bahan kimia berbahaya, seperti merkuri dan hidrokinon di platform e-commerce, menjadi urgensi utama dilakukannya penelitian ini. Kehadiran produk tanpa izin edar (TIE) tersebut tidak hanya mengeksploitasi kerentanan konsumen, tetapi juga mengancam keselamatan publik serta mengerdilkan nilai kepastian hukum dalam ekosistem transaksi elektronik. Permasalahan hukum yang dikaji mencakup efektivitas regulasi dan standar pengawasan peredaran kosmetik di platform digital, bentuk pertanggungjawaban yuridis distributor terhadap kerugian konsumen, serta mekanisme penegakan hukum bagi pelaku usaha yang melanggar ketentuan perundang-undangan. Menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan kualitatif, data dihimpun melalui studi kepustakaan terhadap bahan hukum primer dan sekunder, serta diperkuat dengan hasil wawancara mendalam di Balai Besar Pengawas Obat dan Makanan (BBPOM) Medan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengawasan dilakukan melalui sinergi mekanisme pre-market dan post-market yang mencakup patroli siber serta pengujian laboratorium. Pertanggungjawaban distributor diwujudkan melalui skema ganti rugi sesuai mandat undang-undang, sementara penegakan hukum dijalankan secara represif melalui tindakan pro-justitia oleh PPNS BPOM yang berkoordinasi dengan kepolisian. Sebagai rekomendasi, diperlukan penguatan integrasi sistem antara BPOM dan penyedia platform e-commerce dalam melakukan filtrasi produk, serta akselerasi edukasi literasi keamanan produk kepada masyarakat guna meminimalisir risiko kesehatan nasional. The escalating growth of the cosmetics industry in Indonesia, coupled with the massive distribution of illegal makeup and skincare products containing hazardous chemical substances such as mercury and hydroquinone on e-commerce platforms, serves as the primary urgency for conducting this research. The presence of these products without marketing authorization (unregistered) not only exploits consumer vulnerability but also poses a significant threat to public safety and undermines the principle of legal certainty within the electronic transaction ecosystem. The legal issues examined in this study focus on the effectiveness of regulations and oversight standards for cosmetic distribution on digital platforms, the forms of legal liability of distributors toward consumer losses, and the law enforcement mechanisms for business actors who violate statutory provisions. Utilizing a normative legal research method with a qualitative approach, data were gathered through a literature study of primary and secondary legal materials, further strengthened by in-depth interviews at the Great Hall for Drug and Food Control (BBPOM) in Medan. The results of the study indicate that supervision is conducted through a synergy of pre-market and postmarket mechanisms, including cyber patrols and laboratory testing. Distributor liability is implemented through compensation schemes in accordance with statutory mandates, while law enforcement is carried out repressively through projustitia actions by BPOM Civil Servant Investigators (PPNS) in coordination with the police. As a recommendation, there is a need to strengthen system integration between BPOM and e-commerce platform providers for product filtration, as well as to accelerate education on product safety literacy for the public to minimize national health risks.