Morphological, Molecular, and Morphometric Analysis of Aphelenchoides besseyi on Organic Rice (Oryza sativa) Seeds in the Beringin District, Deli Serdang Regency, Indonesia

Abstract

Aphelenchoides besseyi, a nematode, can infect rice resulting in the white shoot disease, which decreases the germination rate and even causes seedling death. A. besseyi has recently been reported to mainly attack the organic rice varieties especially Pandanwangi and Ciherang in the Pasar Kawat, Beringin District, Deli Serdang, Indonesia. This research in-vestigated A. besseyi via morphological, molecular, and morphometric approaches. The nematodes were observed in an area of 2000 m2, divided into five sample plots each with an area of 400 m2 on which Pandan Wangi and Ciherang rice were cultivated. Nematode morphology was observed using a stereo microscope at a 10–100x magnification. Molecular identification employed PCR, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. This nematode possessed typical mor-phological characteristics namely a longer female body (457.07–738.86 μm) than males (385.23–505.29 μm), and cured spicules, 17 to 21 μm long. The tail was ribbon-shaped with a tapered tip that had a mucrone with 2–4 points. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that A. besseyi isolated from Indonesia (Deli Serdang/North Sumatra) was closely related to those from China, India, Russia, Taiwan, and Portugal with a 98% homology level.