Kajian Agronomi dan Kandungan Metabolit Sekunder Tanaman Kedelai pada Kondisi Ternaungi Pohon Kelapa

Abstract

Kedelai (Glycine max L. Merril) merupakan komoditas pangan strategis nasional setelah padi dan jagung, yang perannya semakin penting seiring meningkatnya kebutuhan pangan berbasis protein nabati di Indonesia. Namun, produksi kedelai dalam negeri masih jauh dari memadai, yaitu hanya 200.000 ton pada tahun 2021, sementara konsumsi nasional mencapai 2,8 juta ton. Salah satu strategi yang ditawarkan untuk mengatasi keterbatasan lahan adalah melalui pemanfaatan lahan di bawah tegakan tanaman perkebunan, khususnya kelapa, sebagai lahan alternatif budidaya kedelai. Sistem tumpangsari kelapa–kedelai dinilai potensial karena pohon kelapa hanya memanfaatkan sekitar 25% dari total lahan yang tersedia, dengan ruang sela antar tanaman yang cukup luas (jarak tanam 7–9 meter). Lahan sela dapat dimanfaatkan untuk pertanaman kedelai, namun tantangan yang dihadapi adalah intensitas cahaya yang rendah akibat naungan pohon kelapa. Penelitian bertujuan mengkaji agronomi varietas kedelai yang toleran terhadap cekaman naungan dan mampu menghasilkan produksi yang optimal di bawah tegakan kelapa. Selain itu, bertujuan mengkaji respons fisiologi tanaman terhadap cekaman naungan melalui kandungan metabolit sekunder pada daun, serta membandingkan kandungan metabolit antara tanaman yang ditanam di bawah naungan dan di lahan terbuka. Kajian dilakukan melalui pendekatan agronomi, dengan fokus parameter morfologis, hasil biji, dan kandungan bioaktif sebagai indikator adaptasi terhadap lingkungan rendah cahaya. Hasil penelitian menunjukan naungan TBM pengaruh terbaik terhadap jumlah cabang, masa berbunga, umur panen, jumlah polong bernas, jumlah dan berat biji per tanaman, per plot, bintil akar, ILD, Intensitas cahaya, kadar flavonoid total, saponin, tanin, alkoloid, GC-MS, FTIR, antioksidan dan uji anti bakteri, sedangkan varietas terbaik pada varietas Dena-1 dan Dena-2 diharapkan memberikan kontribusi ilmiah dalam pengembangan budidaya kedelai yang adaptif dan efisien pada lahan marginal, sekaligus menjadi dasar pengembangan varietas unggul kedelai toleran naungan. Temuan ini berpotensi mendukung perluasan areal tanam dan peningkatan produksi kedelai nasional secara berkelanjutan melalui integrasi sistem pertanian tumpangsari yang memanfaatkan potensi lahan perkebunan secara optimal. Soybeans (Glycine max L. Merril) are a strategic national food commodity after rice and corn, with an increasingly important role as the demand for plant-based protein food rises in Indonesia. However, domestic soybean production is still far from adequate, totaling only 200,000 tons in 2021, while national consumption reached 2.8 million tons. One of the strategies offered to address land limitations is to utilize the land beneath plantation crops, especially coconut, as an alternative cultivation area for soybeans. The coconut-soybean intercropping system is considered potential because coconut trees only use about 25% of the total available land, with ample space between plants (planting distance of 7-9 meters). The inter-row area can be used for soybean cultivation, but the challenge faced is low light intensity due to the shade of the coconut trees. The research aims to study the agronomy of soybean varieties that are tolerant to shade stress and capable of producing optimal yields under coconut stands. Additionally, it aims to examine the physiological responses of plants to shade stress through the content of secondary metabolites in the leaves, as well as to compare the metabolite content between plants grown in the shade and in open fields. The study was conducted through an agronomic approach, focusing on morphological parameters, seed yield, and bioactive content as indicators of adaptation to low light environments. The research results indicate that the shade of the Community Forest can have the best impact on the number of branches, flowering duration, harvest age, number of filled pods, number and weight of seeds per plant, per plot, root nodules, ILD, light intensity, total flavonoid content, saponin, tannin, alkaloid, GC-MS, FTIR, antioxidants, and antibacterial tests. Meanwhile, the best varieties are expected to be Dena-1 and Dena-2, which are hoped to contribute scientifically to the development of adaptive and efficient soybean cultivation in marginal lands, as well as serve as a basis for developing superior soybean varieties that are shade-tolerant. These findings have the potential to support the expansion of planting areas and the increase of national soybean production sustainably through the integration of intercropping agricultural systems that optimally utilize the potential of plantation lands.